ethnic language

- ethnical

   Traditionally and for a half millennium, Portugal has been a country of emigration, but in recent decades it has become a country of net immigration. During Portugal's long period of overseas empire, beginning in the 15th century, there was always more emigration overseas than immigration to Portugal. There were, nevertheless, populations of natives of Africa, Asia, and the Americas who came to Portugal during the 1450-1975 era. Historians continue to debate the actual numbers of migrants of African descent to Portugal during this period, but records suggest that the resident African population in Portugal during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries was a minority of some consequence but not as large as previously imagined.

   After the wars of independence in Africa began in 1961, and after India conquered and annexed former Portuguese Goa, Damão, and Diu in December of that year, Portugal began to receive more migrants from Asia and Africa than before. First came political refugees carrying Portuguese passports from former Portuguese India; these left India for Portugal in the early 1960s. But the larger numbers came from Portugal's former colonial territories in Africa, especially from Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea-Bissau; these sought refuge from civil wars and conflicts following the end of the colonial wars and independence from Portugal. While a considerable number of the refugee wave of 1975-76 from these territories were of African as well as Afro-European descent, larger numbers of African migrants began to arrive in the 1980s. A major impetus for their migration to Portugal was to escape civil wars in Angola and Mozambique.

   Another wave of migrants of European descent came beginning in the 1990s, primarily from Ukraine, Russia, Rumania, and Moldova. Following the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, and the implosion of the Soviet Union, migrants from these countries arrived in Portugal in some number. At about the same time, there arrived migrants from Brazil and another former colony of Portugal, the isolated, poverty-stricken Cape Verde Islands. The largest number of foreign immigrants in Portugal continue to be the Brazilians and the Cape Verdeans, whose principal language is also Portuguese.

   Different ethnic migrant groups tended to work in certain occupations; for example, Brazilians were largely professional people, including dentists and technicians. Cape Verdeans, by and large, as well as numbers of other African migrants from former Portuguese African territories, worked in the construction industry or in restaurants and hotels. As of 2004, the non- European Union (EU) migrant population was over 374,000, while the EU migrant numbers were about 74,000.

   Of the foreign migrants from EU countries, the largest community was the British, with as many as 20,000 residents, with smaller numbers from France, Germany, Italy, and Spain. About 9,000 Americans reside in Portugal. Unlike many migrants from the non-EU countries noted above, who sought safety and a way to make a decent living, migrants from Europe and the United States include many who seek a comfortable retirement in Portugal, with its warm, sunny climate, fine cuisine, and security.

    Legal Foreign Residents from non- European Union Countries ( 1999- 2004)

    1999 2004

   Brazil 20,851 Brazil 66,907

   Cape Verde Isl. Cape Verde Isl. 64,164

   Angola 17,721 Angola 35,264

   Guinea Bissau 25,148

   São Tomé 10,483

   Mozambique 5,472

   Ukraine 66,227

   Romania 12,155

   Moldova 13,689

   Portugal is a small Western European nation with a large, distinctive past replete with both triumph and tragedy. One of the continent's oldest nation-states, Portugal has frontiers that are essentially unchanged since the late 14th century. The country's unique character and 850-year history as an independent state present several curious paradoxes. As of 1974, when much of the remainder of the Portuguese overseas empire was decolonized, Portuguese society appeared to be the most ethnically homogeneous of the two Iberian states and of much of Europe. Yet, Portuguese society had received, over the course of 2,000 years, infusions of other ethnic groups in invasions and immigration: Phoenicians, Greeks, Celts, Romans, Suevi, Visigoths, Muslims (Arab and Berber), Jews, Italians, Flemings, Burgundian French, black Africans, and Asians. Indeed, Portugal has been a crossroads, despite its relative isolation in the western corner of the Iberian Peninsula, between the West and North Africa, Tropical Africa, and Asia and America. Since 1974, Portugal's society has become less homogeneous, as there has been significant immigration of former subjects from its erstwhile overseas empire.

   Other paradoxes should be noted as well. Although Portugal is sometimes confused with Spain or things Spanish, its very national independence and national culture depend on being different from Spain and Spaniards. Today, Portugal's independence may be taken for granted. Since 1140, except for 1580-1640 when it was ruled by Philippine Spain, Portugal has been a sovereign state. Nevertheless, a recurring theme of the nation's history is cycles of anxiety and despair that its freedom as a nation is at risk. There is a paradox, too, about Portugal's overseas empire(s), which lasted half a millennium (1415-1975): after 1822, when Brazil achieved independence from Portugal, most of the Portuguese who emigrated overseas never set foot in their overseas empire, but preferred to immigrate to Brazil or to other countries in North or South America or Europe, where established Portuguese overseas communities existed.

   Portugal was a world power during the period 1415-1550, the era of the Discoveries, expansion, and early empire, and since then the Portuguese have experienced periods of decline, decadence, and rejuvenation. Despite the fact that Portugal slipped to the rank of a third- or fourth-rate power after 1580, it and its people can claim rightfully an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions that assure their place both in world and Western history. These distinctions should be kept in mind while acknowledging that, for more than 400 years, Portugal has generally lagged behind the rest of Western Europe, although not Southern Europe, in social and economic developments and has remained behind even its only neighbor and sometime nemesis, Spain.

   Portugal's pioneering role in the Discoveries and exploration era of the 15th and 16th centuries is well known. Often noted, too, is the Portuguese role in the art and science of maritime navigation through the efforts of early navigators, mapmakers, seamen, and fishermen. What are often forgotten are the country's slender base of resources, its small population largely of rural peasants, and, until recently, its occupation of only 16 percent of the Iberian Peninsula. As of 1139—10, when Portugal emerged first as an independent monarchy, and eventually a sovereign nation-state, England and France had not achieved this status. The Portuguese were the first in the Iberian Peninsula to expel the Muslim invaders from their portion of the peninsula, achieving this by 1250, more than 200 years before Castile managed to do the same (1492).

   Other distinctions may be noted. Portugal conquered the first overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean in the early modern era and established the first plantation system based on slave labor. Portugal's empire was the first to be colonized and the last to be decolonized in the 20th century. With so much of its scattered, seaborne empire dependent upon the safety and seaworthiness of shipping, Portugal was a pioneer in initiating marine insurance, a practice that is taken for granted today. During the time of Pombaline Portugal (1750-77), Portugal was the first state to organize and hold an industrial trade fair. In distinctive political and governmental developments, Portugal's record is more mixed, and this fact suggests that maintaining a government with a functioning rule of law and a pluralist, representative democracy has not been an easy matter in a country that for so long has been one of the poorest and least educated in the West. Portugal's First Republic (1910-26), only the third republic in a largely monarchist Europe (after France and Switzerland), was Western Europe's most unstable parliamentary system in the 20th century. Finally, the authoritarian Estado Novo or "New State" (1926-74) was the longest surviving authoritarian system in modern Western Europe. When Portugal departed from its overseas empire in 1974-75, the descendants, in effect, of Prince Henry the Navigator were leaving the West's oldest empire.

   Portugal's individuality is based mainly on its long history of distinc-tiveness, its intense determination to use any means — alliance, diplomacy, defense, trade, or empire—to be a sovereign state, independent of Spain, and on its national pride in the Portuguese language. Another master factor in Portuguese affairs deserves mention. The country's politics and government have been influenced not only by intellectual currents from the Atlantic but also through Spain from Europe, which brought new political ideas and institutions and novel technologies. Given the weight of empire in Portugal's past, it is not surprising that public affairs have been hostage to a degree to what happened in her overseas empire. Most important have been domestic responses to imperial affairs during both imperial and internal crises since 1415, which have continued to the mid-1970s and beyond. One of the most important themes of Portuguese history, and one oddly neglected by not a few histories, is that every major political crisis and fundamental change in the system—in other words, revolution—since 1415 has been intimately connected with a related imperial crisis. The respective dates of these historical crises are: 1437, 1495, 1578-80, 1640, 1820-22, 1890, 1910, 1926-30, 1961, and 1974. The reader will find greater detail on each crisis in historical context in the history section of this introduction and in relevant entries.

   LAND AND PEOPLE

   The Republic of Portugal is located on the western edge of the Iberian Peninsula. A major geographical dividing line is the Tagus River: Portugal north of it has an Atlantic orientation; the country to the south of it has a Mediterranean orientation. There is little physical evidence that Portugal is clearly geographically distinct from Spain, and there is no major natural barrier between the two countries along more than 1,214 kilometers (755 miles) of the Luso-Spanish frontier. In climate, Portugal has a number of microclimates similar to the microclimates of Galicia, Estremadura, and Andalusia in neighboring Spain. North of the Tagus, in general, there is an Atlantic-type climate with higher rainfall, cold winters, and some snow in the mountainous areas. South of the Tagus is a more Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry, often rainless summers and cool, wet winters. Lisbon, the capital, which has a fifth of the country's population living in its region, has an average annual mean temperature about 16° C (60° F).

   For a small country with an area of 92,345 square kilometers (35,580 square miles, including the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and the Madeiras), which is about the size of the state of Indiana in the United States, Portugal has a remarkable diversity of regional topography and scenery. In some respects, Portugal resembles an island within the peninsula, embodying a unique fusion of European and non-European cultures, akin to Spain yet apart. Its geography is a study in contrasts, from the flat, sandy coastal plain, in some places unusually wide for Europe, to the mountainous Beira districts or provinces north of the Tagus, to the snow-capped mountain range of the Estrela, with its unique ski area, to the rocky, barren, remote Trás-os-Montes district bordering Spain. There are extensive forests in central and northern Portugal that contrast with the flat, almost Kansas-like plains of the wheat belt in the Alentejo district. There is also the unique Algarve district, isolated somewhat from the Alentejo district by a mountain range, with a microclimate, topography, and vegetation that resemble closely those of North Africa.

   Although Portugal is small, just 563 kilometers (337 miles) long and from 129 to 209 kilometers (80 to 125 miles) wide, it is strategically located on transportation and communication routes between Europe and North Africa, and the Americas and Europe. Geographical location is one key to the long history of Portugal's three overseas empires, which stretched once from Morocco to the Moluccas and from lonely Sagres at Cape St. Vincent to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is essential to emphasize the identity of its neighbors: on the north and east Portugal is bounded by Spain, its only neighbor, and by the Atlantic Ocean on the south and west. Portugal is the westernmost country of Western Europe, and its shape resembles a face, with Lisbon below the nose, staring into the

   Atlantic. No part of Portugal touches the Mediterranean, and its Atlantic orientation has been a response in part to turning its back on Castile and Léon (later Spain) and exploring, traveling, and trading or working in lands beyond the peninsula. Portugal was the pioneering nation in the Atlantic-born European discoveries during the Renaissance, and its diplomatic and trade relations have been dominated by countries that have been Atlantic powers as well: Spain; England (Britain since 1707); France; Brazil, once its greatest colony; and the United States.

   Today Portugal and its Atlantic islands have a population of roughly 10 million people. While ethnic homogeneity has been characteristic of it in recent history, Portugal's population over the centuries has seen an infusion of non-Portuguese ethnic groups from various parts of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Between 1500 and 1800, a significant population of black Africans, brought in as slaves, was absorbed in the population. And since 1950, a population of Cape Verdeans, who worked in menial labor, has resided in Portugal. With the influx of African, Goan, and Timorese refugees and exiles from the empire—as many as three quarters of a million retornados ("returned ones" or immigrants from the former empire) entered Portugal in 1974 and 1975—there has been greater ethnic diversity in the Portuguese population. In 2002, there were 239,113 immigrants legally residing in Portugal: 108,132 from Africa; 24,806 from Brazil; 15,906 from Britain; 14,617 from Spain; and 11,877 from Germany. In addition, about 200,000 immigrants are living in Portugal from eastern Europe, mainly from Ukraine. The growth of Portugal's population is reflected in the following statistics:

   1527 1,200,000 (estimate only)

   1768 2,400,000 (estimate only)

   1864 4,287,000 first census

   1890 5,049,700

   1900 5,423,000

   1911 5,960,000

   1930 6,826,000

   1940 7,185,143

   1950 8,510,000

   1960 8,889,000

   1970 8,668,000* note decrease

   1980 9,833,000

   1991 9,862,540

   1996 9,934,100

   2006 10,642,836

   2010 10,710,000 (estimated)

1) Rennen, das

2) in pl. (series) (for horses) Pferderennen, das; (for dogs) Hunderennen, das

3) (fig.)

1) (in swimming, running, sailing, etc.) um die Wette schwimmen/laufen/segeln usw. (with, against mit)

2) (go at full or excessive speed) [Motor:] durchdrehen; [Puls:] jagen, rasen

3) (rush) sich sehr beeilen; hetzen; (on foot also) rennen; jagen

(in swimming, riding, walking, running, etc.) um die Wette schwimmen/reiten/gehen/laufen usw. mit

(Anthrop., Biol.) Rasse, die

* * *

1) (to (cause to) run in a race: I'm racing my horse on Saturday; The horse is racing against five others.) an einem Rennen teilnehmen

2) (to have a competition with (someone) to find out who is the fastest: I'll race you to that tree.) um die Wette laufen mit

3) (to go etc quickly: He raced along the road on his bike.) rasen

•

- academic.ru/59895/racer">racer

1) (any one section of mankind, having a particular set of characteristics which make it different from other sections: the Negro race; the white races; ( also adjective) race relations.) die Rasse; Rassen...

2) (the fact of belonging to any of these various sections: the problem of race.) die Rasse; Rassen-...

3) (a group of people who share the same culture, language etc; the Anglo-Saxon race.) das Geschlecht

•

- racial

* * *

I. n

1. (competition) Rennen nt

car/dog/horse \race Auto-/Hunde-/Pferderennen nt

cycle/motorcycle \race Rad-/Motorradrennen nt

cross-country/100-metre/obstacle \race Gelände- [o SCHWEIZ, ÖSTERR a. Orientierungs-] /Hundertmeter-/Hindernislauf m

egg-and-spoon \race Eierlaufen nt kein pl

pancake \race Pfannkuchenrennen nt (findet in England am Faschingsdienstag statt)

road/track \race Straßen-/Bahnrennen nt

sack \race Sackhüpfen nt kein pl

three-legged \race Dreibeinlauf m

to go in for [or take part in] a \race an einem Wettlauf [o SCHWEIZ, ÖSTERR Wettrennen] teilnehmen nt

to have [or run] a \race einen Wettlauf [o SCHWEIZ, ÖSTERR ein Wettrennen] machen

let's have a \race komm, wir laufen um die Wette

to keep [or stay] in the \race im Rennen bleiben a. fig

to win/lose a \race einen Wettkampf gewinnen/verlieren

2. ( fig: contest) Rennen nt; (competition) Wettkampf m fig

a \race against time [or the clock] ein Wettlauf gegen die Uhr [o SCHWEIZ Zeit]

the two are involved in a \race for promotion die zwei liefern sich ein Kopf-an-Kopf-Rennen um die Beförderung

presidential \race Präsidentenwahlkampf m

the space \race der Wettlauf [o SCHWEIZ das Wettrennen] im All fig

3. no pl (rush) Hetze f, Hektik f

it's always a \race to get out of the house on time in the mornings in der Früh ist es immer eine Hetzerei, damit man rechtzeitig aus dem Haus kommt pej fam

4. SPORT

▪ \races pl:

▪ the \races das Pferderennen

a day at the \races ein Tag m beim Pferderennen

5. (fast-flowing water) river Stromschnelle f; sea Strömung f

mill \race Mühl[en]bach m

6. COMPUT Zeitbedingung f

II. vi

1. (compete) people, animals Rennen laufen; vehicles Rennen fahren

I enjoy running for fun, but I refuse to \race ich laufe gern zum Vergnügen, aber ich weigere mich, an Wettläufen teilzunehmen

▪ to \race with sb mit jdm um die Wette laufen

▪ to \race against sb gegen jdn antreten

2. (rush) rennen

the boys came racing across the playground die Jungen kamen über den Schulhof gerannt

she \raced for the bus sie rannte, um den Bus zu erreichen

to \race along [or down] the street die Straße entlangrennen

to \race into the house in das Haus rennen

to \race up the stairs die Treppe hinaufrennen

3. (pass quickly)

▪ to \race by [or past] schnell vergehen

the summer seems to have \raced by der Sommer ist wie im Nu vergangen fam

4. (beat fast) heart heftig schlagen; pulse rasen

III. vt

▪ to \race sb (in competition) gegen jdn antreten; (for fun) mit jdm ein Wettrennen machen

come on, I'll \race you home los, wir laufen um die Wette bis nach Hause

2. (enter for races)

to \race a greyhound/horse einen Greyhound/ein Pferd rennen [o laufen] lassen

to \race a car an einem Autorennen teilnehmen

3. (rev up)

to \race the car engine den Motor hochjagen sl

4. (transport fast)

▪ to \race sb somewhere jdn schnellstmöglich irgendwohin bringen

the ambulance \raced the injured to hospital der Krankenwagen brachte den Verletzten mit Blaulicht ins Krankenhaus

1. (ethnic grouping) Rasse f

\race relations Beziehungen pl zwischen den Rassen

to be of mixed \race gemischtrassig sein

2. (species)

the human \race die menschliche Rasse; (of animals, plants) Spezies f

crops which are resistant to different \races of pest Getreidesorten, die gegen verschiedene Krankheiten resistent sind

3. + sing/pl vb (people) Volk nt; ( fig) Gruppe f

the British are an island \race die Briten sind ein Inselvolk

the French/Russian \race die Franzosen/die Russen

* * *

1. n

1) Rennen nt; (on foot) Rennen nt, (Wett)lauf m; (swimming) Wettschwimmen nt

2) (= swift current) Strömung f; (= mill race) Gerinne nt

3) (liter of sun, moon) Lauf m

2. vt

1) (= compete with) um die Wette laufen/reiten/fahren/schwimmen etc mit; (SPORT) laufen/reiten/fahren/schwimmen etc gegen

2) engine hochjagen

3) (SPORT) car ins Rennen schicken; horse laufen or rennen lassen

3. vi

1) (= compete) laufen/reiten/fahren/schwimmen etc

2) (= rush) rasen, jagen; (on foot) rennen, rasen; (with work) hetzen

3) (engine) durchdrehen; (pulse) jagen, fliegen; (heart) rasen; (thoughts, mind) jagen

1) (= ethnic group, species) Rasse f

2) (fig of authors, poets etc) Kaste f

* * *

race¹ [reıs]

A s

1. SPORT (Wett)Rennen n, (-)Lauf m:

he wasn’t at the races fig umg er hatte mit dem Ausgang des Rennens nichts zu tun

2. pl SPORT Pferderennen pl: → play C 1

3. fig (for) Wettlauf m, Kampf m (um), Jagd f (nach):

a race against time ein Wettlauf mit der Zeit

4. Lauf m (der Gestirne, des Lebens, der Zeit):

his race is run er hat die längste Zeit gelebt

5. a) starke Strömung

b) Stromschnelle f

c) Strom-, Flussbett n

d) Kanal m, Gerinne n

6. TECH

a) Laufring m (des Kugellagers), (Gleit)Bahn f

b) Weberei: Schützenbahn f

7. → slipstream A 1

B v/i

1. a) an einem Rennen teilnehmen, besonders um die Wette laufen oder fahren (with, against mit)

b) Rennen fahren

2. (im Rennen) laufen ( for um)

3. (dahin)rasen, rennen:

race about ( oder around) herumrasen, -rennen;

her pulse was racing ihr Puls jagte;

his mind was racing fig die Gedanken überschlugen sich in seinem Kopf

4. TECH durchdrehen (Rad etc)

C v/t

1. um die Wette laufen oder fahren mit

2. Pferde rennen oder (in einem Rennen) laufen lassen

3. rasen mit umg:

race sb to hospital mit jemandem ins Krankenhaus rasen

4. (durch)hetzen, (-)jagen, Gesetze durchpeitschen

5. TECH

a) den Motor etc durchdrehen lassen (ohne Belastung)

b) den Motor hochjagen:

race up einen Flugzeugmotor abbremsen

race² [reıs] s

1. Rasse f:

2. Rasse f:

a) Rassenzugehörigkeit f

b) rassische Eigenart

3. Geschlecht n, Stamm m, Familie f

4. Volk n, Nation f

5. Abstammung f:

of noble race edler Abstammung, vornehmer Herkunft

6. BIOL Rasse f, Gattung f, Unterart f

7. a) (Menschen)Schlag m

b) (Menschen- etc) Geschlecht n:

8. Rasse f (des Weins etc)

race³ [reıs] s (Ingwer)Wurzel f

* * *

1) Rennen, das

2) in pl. (series) (for horses) Pferderennen, das; (for dogs) Hunderennen, das

3) (fig.)

1) (in swimming, running, sailing, etc.) um die Wette schwimmen/laufen/segeln usw. (with, against mit)

2) (go at full or excessive speed) [Motor:] durchdrehen; [Puls:] jagen, rasen

3) (rush) sich sehr beeilen; hetzen; (on foot also) rennen; jagen

(in swimming, riding, walking, running, etc.) um die Wette schwimmen/reiten/gehen/laufen usw. mit

(Anthrop., Biol.) Rasse, die

* * *

Rasse -n f.

Rennen - n.

Stamm ¨-e m.

Wettrennen n. v.

um die Wette rennen ausdr.

•• nation, state, nationality

•• nation, state, nationality

•• nation, state, nationality

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] continuation

[Swahili Word] maandamizi

[Swahili Plural] maandamizi

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 6/6

[Derived Language] Swahili

[Derived Word] -andama

[English Example] the continuation of our customs has begun to get lost because people from other ethnic groups have begun to come in

[Swahili Example] uandamizi wa mila yetu umeanza kupotea kwa sababu ya kuingiliana na watu wa makabila tofauti

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] continuation

[English Plural] continuations

[Swahili Word] mwendeleo

[Swahili Plural] miendeleo

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 3/4

[Derived Language] Swahili

[Derived Word] -enda

[Related Words] maendeleo

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] continuation

[Swahili Word] uendelezo

[Part of Speech] noun

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] continuation

[Swahili Word] wendelezo

[Part of Speech] noun

------------------------------------------------------------

noun (a small number; less than half: Only a minority of people live in the countryside; a racial/political minority.) minoría

minority n minoría

El plural de minority se escribe minorities

tr[maɪ'nɒrɪtɪ]

noun (pl minorities)

1 minoría

■ a small minority spoilt the party una pequeña minoría estropeó la fiesta

■ only a minority of people don't have a TV sólo una minoría de personas no tiene televisor

2 SMALLLAW/SMALL minoría de edad

adjective

1 minoritario,-a

\

to be in a minority estar en minoría

religious minority minoría religiosa

minority [mə'nɔrət̬i, maɪ-] n, pl - ties : minoría f

• minoritario, -a adj.

• menoría s.f.

• minoría s.f.

noun (pl - ties)

1)

a) ( smaller number) (+ sing o pl vb) minoría f

b) ( in US) ( Govt) oposición f

2) ( Law) minoría f de edad

1. N

1) (=small number) minoría f

2) (=community) minoría f

3) (Jur) (=age) minoría f de edad

2. ADJ

1) [group, interest, view, government] minoritario

2) (Econ)

3) (US)

* * *

noun (pl - ties)

1)

a) ( smaller number) (+ sing o pl vb) minoría f

b) ( in US) ( Govt) oposición f

2) ( Law) minoría f de edad

noun (a small number; less than half: Only a minority of people live in the countryside; a racial/political minority.) mindretall, minoritet

minoritet

subst. \/maɪˈnɒrətɪ\/, \/mɪˈnɒrətɪ\/

1) mindretall, minoritet

2) minoritet, minoritetsgruppe

3) minoritets-, mindretalls-

4) mindreårighet, umyndighet, umyndig alder

ethnic minorities etniske minoritetsgrupper

be in a\/the minority være i mindretall

be in a minority of one være alene mot flertallet, være alene om sitt standpunkt

minority government mindretallsregjering

minority language mindretallsspråk

minority programme forklaring: politisk plan som gjelder minoriteter

minority report mindretallsbetenkning, reservasjon

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] province

[English Plural] provinces

[Swahili Word] eneo

[Swahili Plural] maeneo

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 5/6

[Derived Language] Swahili

[Derived Word] enea

[English Example] she was the supervisor of all the police stations in that province

[Swahili Example] alikuwa msimamizi wa vituo vyote vya polisi katika eneo hilo [Ng]

[Terminology] geography

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] province

[English Plural] provinces

[Swahili Word] jimbo

[Swahili Plural] majimbo

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 5/6

[Terminology] geography

------------------------------------------------------------

[English Word] province

[English Plural] provinces

[Swahili Word] mkoa

[Swahili Plural] mikoa

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 3/4

[English Example] These are ethnic groups like the Masai, the Tindiga and the Hadza who live in Arusha, Singida and Shinyanga provinces.

[Swahili Example] Makabila haya ni kama Wamasai, Watindaga na Wahadza wanaoishi katika mikoa ya Arusha, Singida na Shinyanga [Masomo 308].

[Terminology] geography

------------------------------------------------------------

[ɡru:p]

age group возрастная группа age group возростная группа banking group группа банков group pl слои, круги (общества); business groups деловые круги business-related group торгово-промышленное объединение commodity group товарная группа community group общественная группа constituent group группа учредителей contact group группа по связям data set group вчт. группа наборов данных device group вчт. группа устройств diversified group многоотраслевое объединение компаний diversified group объединение разнопрофильных предприятий editing group редакционная группа employee group рабочая бригада ethnic group этническая группа executive group руководство following group группа контроля group ав. авиагруппа group группа group группировать(ся) group группировка, фракция group группировка group класс group классифицировать, распределять по группам group классифицировать group концерн group монополистическое объединение group объединение компаний group организация group подбирать гармонично краски, цвета group хим. радикал group распределять по группам group синдикат group pl слои, круги (общества); business groups деловые круги group слой, круги (общества) group трест group укрупненная группа отраслей group of buildings ансамбль зданий group of companies группа компаний group of companies концерн group of contractors группа подрядчиков group of experts группа экспертов group of investors группа вкладчиков капитала group of investors группа инвесторов group of taxes совокупность налогов horizontal group эк.произ. группа равноправных участников income group группа населения по размерам дохода income group категория дохода incoming group вчт. группа ввода industrial group производственный синдикат interest group группа, объединенная общими интересами interest group группа лиц, имеющих общие интересы international group международный концерн language group группа языков large-scale group крупное объединение компаний liaison group группа связи linguistic group лингвистическая группа lobby group группа, проталкивающая выгодный ей законопроект lobby group группа, проталкивающая выгодную ей кандидатуру low-income group группа лиц с низким доходом low-salary group группа лиц с низкой заработной платой majority group группа большинства management group административная группа management group группа управления medium income group группа лиц со средним доходом minority group группа, представляющая меньшинство minority group группа меньшинства minority group меньшинство minority group национальное меньшинство national group группа населения occupational group профессиональная группа outcoming group вчт. группа вывода outside the group не входящий в группу компаний parent group вчт. родительская группа parliamentary group парламентская группа parliamentary group парламентская фракция pharmaceutical group фармацевтическое объединение population group группа населения power group влиятельная группировка pressure group влиятельная группа pressure: group group влиятельная группа, оказывающая давление на политику (преим. путем закулисных интриг) primary group основная группа principal group вчт. главная группа producer group производственная группа professional group профессиональная группа project management group группа управления проектом record group вчт. блок записей reference group контрольная группа religious group религиозная группа residents' group группа жителей residual group остаточная группа select group отобранная группа self-help groups группы самопомощи (например, Анонимные Алкоголики и Анонимные Наркоманы) selling group продающая группа банков social group общественная группа socialist group социалистическая группа socio-economic group социально-экономическая группа splinter group отколовшаяся (политическая) группировка study group исследовательская группа study group семинар tape group вчт. блок лентопротяжных механизмов target group целевая группа tariff group тарифная группа tenants' group объединение арендаторов trunk group вчт. магистральная группа typical group рекл. ключевая группа user group вчт. группа пользователей user group группа пользователей vertical group группа с вертикальной структурой working group рабочая бригада working group вчт. рабочая группа working group рабочая группа

 

национальное планирование
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

EN

national planning
The step by step method and process of defining, developing and outlining various possible courses of actions to meet existing or future needs, goals and objectives for a country or a large body of people associated with a particular territory, often sharing similar ethnic backgrounds, customs and language. (Source: RHW / BLD)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

Тематики

• охрана окружающей среды

EN

• national planning

DE

• Landesplanung

FR

• planification nationale